Xiaofei Lu

Professor of Applied Linguistics and Asian Studies
Department of Applied Linguistics
The Pennsylvania State University
301 Sparks Building
University Park, PA 16802, USA
Phone: (814) 865-4692
Fax: (814) 863-7986


Curriculum Vitae | Downloads | Google Scholar | Publons

Education

Current teaching

Research

Books and edited volumes

  1. Lu, X. (2023). Corpus linguistics and second language acquisition: Perspectives, issues, and findings. New York: Routledge.

  2. Jin, T., Lu, X., Shi, Z., & Su, Y. (2021). Evidence use in oral argumentation: Features and development. Beijing: Science Press. [in Chinese]

  3. Lu, X., & Chen, B. (Eds.) (2019). Computational and corpus approaches to Chinese language learning. Singapore: Springer. [Reviewed in Applied Linguistics].

  4. Lu, X. (Ed.) (2019). Special section on research on EAP pedagogy. Foreign Language World, (5). [in Chinese]

  5. Chen, H.-H., Tseng, Y.-H., Ng, V., & Lu, X. (Eds.) (2016). Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications. Osaka, Japan: The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee.

  6. Lu, X. (2014). Computational methods for corpus annotation and analysis. Dordrecht: Springer. [Reviewed in Language, International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, and Linguist List]

  7. Feldman, A., & Lu, X. (Eds.) (2007). Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Figurative Language. Rochester, NY: Association for Computational Linguistics.

Peer-reviewed journal articles

  1. Lu, X., & Hu, R. (2022). Sense-aware lexical sophistication indices and their relationship to second language writing quality. Behavior Research Methods, 54(3), 1444-1460.

  2. Lu, X., & Wu, J. (2022). Noun phrase complexity measures in Chinese and their relationship to L2 Chinese writing quality: A comparison with topic-comment-unit-based measures. The Modern Language Journal, 106(1), 267-283.

  3. Casal, J. E., Shirai, Y., & Lu, X. (2022). English verb-argument construction profiles in a specialized academic corpus: Variation by genre and discipline. English for Specific Purposes, 66, 94-107.

  4. Hu, R., Wu, J., & Lu, X. (2022). Word-combination-based measures of phraseological diversity, sophistication and complexity and their relationship to L2 Chinese proficiency and writing quality. Language Learning, 72(4).

  5. Liao, J., Lu, X., Master, K., Dudek, J., & Zhou, Z. (2022). Telepresence-place-based foreign language learning and its design principles. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(3), 319-344.

  6. Sun, K., & Lu, X. (2022). Predicting native Chinese readers’ perception of sentence boundaries in written Chinese texts. Reading and Writing, 35, 1889-1910.

  7. Wu, J., Hu, R. & Lu, X. (2022). Effects of production modalities on syntactic complexity in intermediate level CSL learners. Chinese Teaching in the World, (3), 399-415. [in Chinese]

  8. Zhang, X., & Lu, X. (2022). Revisiting the predictive power of traditional vs. fine-grained syntactic complexity indices for L2 writing quality: The case of two genres. Assessing Writing, 51, 1-14.

  9. Zhang, X., Lu, X., & Li, W. (2022). Beyond differences: Assessing effects of shared linguistic features on L2 writing quality of two genres. Applied Linguistics, 43(1), 168-195.

  10. Lu, X., Casal, J. E., & Liu, Y. (2021). Towards the synergy of genre- and corpus-based approaches to academic writing research and pedagogy. International Journal of Computer Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, 11(1), 59-71.

  11. Lu, X., Casal, J. E., Liu, Y., Kisselev, O., & Yoon, J. (2021). The relationship between syntactic complexity and rhetorical move-steps in research article introductions: Variation among four social science and engineering disciplines. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 52, 1-13.

  12. Lu, X., Liao, J., & Xu, Q. (2021). Applications of educational robots in foreign language speaking instruction: Recent developments and future directions. Foreign Language World, (1), 11-19. [in Chinese]

  13. Lu, X., Yoon, J., & Kisselev, O. (2021). Matching phrase-frames to rhetorical moves in social science research article introductions. English for Specific Purposes, 61, 63-83.

  14. Lu, X., Yoon, J., & Kisselev, O., Casal, J. E., Liu, Y., Deng, J, & Nie, R. (2021). Rhetorical and phraseological features of research article introductions: Variation among five social science disciplines. System, 100, 1-14.

  15. Casal, J. E., & Lu, X. (2021). ‘Maybe complicated is a better word’: Second language English graduate student responses to syntactic complexity in a genre-based academic writing course. International Journal of English for Academic Purposes: Research and Practice, 1(1), 95-114.

  16. Casal, J. E., Lu, X., Qiu, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, G. (2021). Syntactic complexity across academic research article part-genres: A cross-disciplinary perspective. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 52, 1-12.

  17. Jin, T., Duan, H., Lu, X., Ni, J., & Guo, K. (2021). Do research articles with more readable abstracts receive higher online attention? Evidence from Science. Scientometrics, 126, 8471-8490.

  18. Ren, C., & Lu, X. (2021). A multi-dimensional analysis of the Management’s Discussion and Analysis Narratives in Chinese and American corporate annual reports. English for Specific Purposes, 62, 84-99.

  19. Su, H., Zhang, Y., & Lu, X. (2021). Applying local grammars to the diachronic investigation of discourse acts in academic writing: The case of exemplification in Linguistics research articles. English for Specific Purposes, 63, 120-133.

  20. Sun, K., & Lu, X. (2021). Assessing lexical psychological properties in second language production: A dynamic semantic similarity approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 672243.

  21. Wu, J., & Lu, X. (2021). The relationship between syntactic complexity and L2 Chinese writing quality: Large-grained vs. fine-grained indices. Yuyan Wenzi Yingyong [Applied Linguistics], (1), 121-131. [in Chinese]

  22. Yang, M., & Lu, X. (2021). From Xu to the development of L2 interactional competence: A conversation analytic case study. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 44(3), 273-291.

  23. Yin, S., Gao, Y., & Lu, X. (2021). Syntactic complexity of research article part-genres: Differences between emerging and expert international publication writers. System, 97, 1-14.

  24. Lu, X., Casal, J. E., & Liu, Y. (2020). The rhetorical functions of syntactically complex sentences in social science research article introductions. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 44, 1-16.

  25. Dong, J., & Lu, X. (2020). Promoting discipline-specific genre competence with corpus-based genre analysis activities. English for Specific Purposes, 58, 138-154.

  26. Jin, T., Lu, X., & Ni, J. (2020). Syntactic complexity in adapted teaching materials: Differences among grade levels and implications for benchmarking. The Modern Language Journal, 104(1), 192-208.

  27. Liu, Y., & Lu, X. (2020). Chinese EFL learners’ misconceptions of noun countability and article use. System, 90, 1-12.

  28. Liu, Y., & Lu, X. (2020). N1 of N2 constructions in academic written discourse: A pattern grammar analysis. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 47, 1-11.

  29. Peng, J., Wang, C., & Lu, X. (2020). Effect of the linguistic complexity of the input text on alignment, writing fluency, and writing accuracy in the continuation task. Language Teaching Research, 24(3), 364-381.

  30. Qu, D., Su, Y., & Lu, X. (2020). Effects of online dubbing on the intelligibility and comprehensibility of the pronunciation of Chinese EFL learners. Foreign Language Education, 41(6), 77-82. [in Chinese]

  31. Shi, B., Huang, L., & Lu, X. (2020). Effect of prompt type on test-takers’ writing performance and writing strategy use in the continuation task. Language Testing, 37(3), 361-388.

  32. Lu, X., & Deng, J. (2019). With the rapid development: A contrastive analysis of lexical bundles in dissertation abstracts by Chinese and L1 English doctoral students. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 39, 21-36.

  33. Lu, X., & Liu, Y. (2019). Corpus-based research on formulaic language in academic English and its pedagogical applications. Foreign Language World, (5), 30-38. [in Chinese]

  34. Jin, T., Shi, Z., & Lu, X. (2019). “From novice storytellers to persuasive arguers”: Learner use of evidence in oral argumentation. TESOL Quarterly, 53(4), 1151-1161.

  35. Zhang, J., & Lu, X. (2019). Measuring and supporting second language development using computerized dynamic assessment. Language and Sociocultural Theory, 6(1), 92-115.

  36. Lu, X., Kisselev, O., Yoon, J., & Amory, M. (2018). Investigating effects of criterial consistency, the diversity dimension, and threshold variation in formulaic language research: Extending the methodological considerations of O’Donnell et al. (2013). International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 23(2), 158-182.

  37. Lu, X., Yoon, J., & Kisselev, O. (2018). A phrase-frame list for social science research article introductions. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 36, 76-85.

  38. Guo, K., Jin, T., & Lu, X. (2018). Research and practice in text adaptation: From readability formulas and multidimensional analyses to data-driven adaptation. Foreign Language Testing and Teaching, (3), 35-43. [in Chinese]

  39. Jiang, J., Jiang, L., & Lu, X. (2018). Automated scoring of students' English-to-Chinese translations of three text types. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 25(3), 238-255.

  40. Jin, T., & Lu, X. (2018). A data-driven approach to text adaptation in teaching material preparation: Design, implementation and teacher professional development. TESOL Quarterly, 52(2), 457-467.

  41. Liao, J., & Lu, X. (2018). Exploring the affordances of telepresence robots in foreign language learning. Language Learning and Technology, 22(3), 20-32.

  42. Lu, X. (2017). Automated measurement of syntactic complexity in corpus-based L2 writing research and implications for writing assessment. Language Testing, 34(4), 493-511.

  43. Lu, X., & Wang, B. P.-Y. (2017). Towards a metaphor-annotated corpus of Mandarin Chinese. Language Resources and Evaluation, 51(3), 663-694.

  44. Lu, X., & Xu, Q. (2016). L2 Syntactic Complexity Analzyer and its applications in L2 writing research. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 48(3), 409-420. [in Chinese]

  45. Lu, X., & Ai, H. (2015). Syntactic complexity in college-level English writing: Differences among writers with diverse L1 backgrounds. Journal of Second Language Writing, 29, 16-27.

  46. Park, K., & Lu, X. (2015). Automatic analysis of thematic structure in written English. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 20(1), 81-101.

  47. Poehner, M. E., Zhang, J., & Lu, X. (2015). Computerized Dynamic Assessment (C-DA): Diagnosing L2 development according to learner responsiveness to mediation. Language Testing, 32(3), 337-357.

  48. Stevens, R. J., Lu, X., Baker, D. P., Ray, M. N., Eckert, S. A., & Gamson, D. A. (2015). Assessing the cognitive demands of elementary school reading curricula: An analysis of reading text and comprehension tasks from 1910 to 2000. American Educational Research Journal, 52(3), 582-617.

  49. Yang, W., Lu, X., & Weigle, S. C. (2015). Different topics, different discourse: Relationships among writing topic, measures of syntactic complexity, and judgments of writing quality. Journal of Second Language Writing, 28, 53-67. [Honorable Mention, 2015 JSLW Best Article Award]

  50. Zhang, X., & Lu, X. (2015). The relationship between vocabulary learning strategies and breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge. The Modern Language Journal, 99(4), 740-753.

  51. Lu, X., Gamson, D. A., & Eckert, S. A. (2014). Lexical difficulty and diversity in American elementary school reading textbooks: Changes over the past century. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 19(1), 94-117.

  52. Fernandez, J., Gates Tapia, A., & Lu, X. (2014). Oral proficiency and pragmatic marker use in L2 spoken Spanish: The case of pues and bueno. Journal of Pragmatics, 74, 150-164.

  53. Hartig, A. J., & Lu, X. (2014). Plain English and legal writing: Comparing expert and novice writers. English for Specific Purposes, 33(1), 87-96.

  54. Zhang, X., & Lu, X. (2014). A longitudinal study of receptive vocabulary breadth knowledge growth and vocabulary fluency development. Applied Linguistics, 35(3), 283-304.

  55. Gamson, D. A., Lu, X., & Eckert, S. A. (2013). Challenging the research base of the common core state standards: A historical reanalysis of text complexity. Educational Researcher, 42(7), 381-391.

  56. Zhang, J., & Lu, X. (2013). Variability in Chinese as a Foreign Language learners' development of the Chinese numeral classifier system. The Modern Language Journal, 97(s1), 46-60.

  57. Lu, X. (2012). The relationship of lexical richness to the quality of ESL learners' oral narratives. The Modern Language Journal, 96(2), 190-208. [Lexical Complexity Analyzer]

  58. Thorne, S. L., Fischer, I., & Lu, X. (2012). The semiotic ecology and linguistic complexity of an online game world. ReCall, 24(3), 279-301.

  59. Lu, X. (2011). A corpus-based evaluation of syntactic complexity measures as indices of college-level ESL writers' language development. TESOL Quarterly, 45(1), 36-62.

  60. Lu, X. (2010). Automatic analysis of syntactic complexity in second language writing. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 15(4), 474-496. [L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer]

  61. Lu, X. (2009). Automatic measurement of syntactic complexity in child language acquisition. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14(1), 3-28. [D-Level Analyzer]

  62. Lu, X. (2008). Improving part-of-speech guessing of Chinese unknown words using hybrid models. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13(2), 169-193.

  63. Lu, X. (2008). Hybrid models for sense guessing of Chinese unknown words. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13(1), 99-128.

  64. Lu, X. (2007). A hybrid model for Chinese word segmentation. Journal for Language Technology and Computational Linguistics, 22(1), 71-88.

Chapters in edited volumes and conference proceedings

  1. Lu, X. (2022). Directions for future automated analyses of L2 written texts. In R. M. Manchón & C. Polio (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and writing (pp. 370-382). New York: Routledge.

  2. Lu, X. (2022). What can corpus software reveal about language development?. In A. O'Keeffe & M. McCarthy (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of corpus linguistics (2nd ed.) (pp. 155-167). London: Routledge.

  3. Lu, X., Casal, J. E., & Liu, Y. (2022). Automated syntactic analysis for ELT. In R. R. Jablonkai & E. Csomay (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of corpora in English language teaching and learning (pp. 495-508). New York: Routledge.

  4. Lu, X., Casal, J. E., & Liu, Y. (2021). Corpus-based genre analysis. In H. Mohebbi & C. Coombe (Eds.), Research questions in language education and applied linguistics: A reference guide (pp. 811-816). Berlin: Springer.

  5. Lu, X., & Bluemel, B. (2020). Automated assessment of language. In S. Conrad, A. Hartig, & L. Santelmann (Eds.), The Cambridge introduction to applied linguistics (pp. 86-93). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  6. Yoon, S.-Y., Lu, X., & Zechner, K. (2020). Features measuring vocabulary and grammar. In K. Zechner & K. Evanini (Eds.), Automated speaking assessment: Using language technologies to score spontaneous speech (pp. 123-137). New York: Routledge.

  7. Lu, X., & Chen, B. (2019). Computational and corpus approaches to Chinese language learning: An introduction. In X. Lu & B. Chen (Eds.), Computational and corpus approaches to Chinese language learning (pp. 3-11). Singapore: Springer.

  8. Wang, B. P.-Y., Lu, X., Hsu, C.-C., Lin, E. P.-C., & Ai, H. (2019). Linguistic metaphor identification in Chinese. In S. Nacey, A. G. Dorst, T. Krennmayr, & W. G. Reijnierse (Eds.), Metaphor identification in multiple languages: MIPVU around the world (pp. 247-266). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

  9. Xu, H., Lu, X., & Brezina, V. (2019). Acquisition of the Chinese particle le by L2 learners: A corpus-based approach. In X. Lu & B. Chen (Eds.), Computational and corpus approaches to Chinese language learning (pp. 197-216). Singapore: Springer.

  10. Lu, X. (2018). Natural language processing and intelligent computer-assisted language learning (ICALL). In J. I. Liontas (Ed.), The TESOL encyclopedia of English language teaching. Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell.

  11. Ai, H., & Lu, X. (2018). Exploring the interdisciplinary synergy between sociocultural theory and intelligent computer-assisted language learning. In J. P. Lantolf, M. E. Poehner, & M. Swain (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of sociocultural theory and second language development (pp. 409-421). New York: Routledge.

  12. Liao, J., Masters, K. A., & Lu, X. (2017). Foreign language learning at an arboretum using telepresence robots. In Proceedings of the 18th International CALL Research Conference (pp. 456-460). Antwerp, Belgium: University of Antwerp.

  13. Poehner, M. E., Zhang, J. & Lu, X. (2017). Computerized dynamic assessments for young language learners. In M. K. Wolf & Y. G. Butler (Eds.), English language proficiency assessments for young learners (pp. 214-233). London: Routledge.

  14. Ai, H., & Lu, X. (2013). A corpus-based comparison of syntactic complexity in NNS and NS university students' writing. In A. Díaz-Negrillo, N. Ballier, & P. Thompson (Eds.), Automatic treatment and analysis of learner corpus data (pp. 249-264). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

  15. Lahiri, S., Mitra, P., & Lu, X. (2011). Informality judgment at sentence level and experiments with F-score. In A. Gelbukh (Ed.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 6609. Computational linguistics and intelligent text processing (pp. 446-457). Berlin: Springer.

  16. Lu, X. (2010). What can corpus software reveal about language development? In A. O'Keeffe & M. McCarthy (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of corpus linguistics (pp. 184-193). London: Routledge.

  17. Lu, X. (2008). Automatic measurement of syntactic complexity using the revised developmental level scale. In Proceedings of the 21st International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference (pp. 153-158). Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press.

  18. Lu, X. (2007). Hybrid models for semantic classification of Chinese unknown words. In Proceedings of Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 188-195). Rochester, NY: Association for Computational Linguistics.

  19. Lu, X. (2007). Combining machine learning with linguistic heuristics for Chinese word segmentation. In Proceedings of the 20th International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference (pp. 241-246). Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press.

  20. Lu, X. (2005). Hybrid methods for POS guessing of Chinese unknown words. In Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 1-6). Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Computational Linguistics.

  21. Lu, X. (2005). Promoting learner awareness of language transfer errors in ICALL. In Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Applied Linguistics and Language Teaching (pp. 521-530). Cedar Falls, IA: The University of Northern Iowa.

  22. Lu, X. (2005). Towards a hybrid model for Chinese word segmentation. In Proceedings of the Fourth SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing (pp. 189-192). Jeju, Korea: Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing.

  23. Lu, X. (2004). On the distribution of Chinese number expressions. In Proceedings of the 20th Northwest Linguistics Conference (pp. 145-160). Seattle, WI: University of Washington.

  24. Lu, X. (2002). Discourse and ideology: The Taiwan issue in the Chinese and American media. In C. N. Candlin (Ed.), Research and practice in professional discourse (pp. 589-608). Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press.

Book reviews

  1. Lu, X. (2020). [Review of the book Corpus linguistics and the description of English (2nd ed.), by H. Lindquist & M. Levin]. Journal of English Linguistics, 48(1), 97-100.

  2. Lu, X. (2015). [Review of the book Automated grammatical error detection for language learners (2nd ed.), by C. Leacock, M. Chodorow, M. Gamon, & J. Tetreault]. Computational Linguistics, 41(1), 149-151.

  3. Lu, X. (2013). [Review of the book Explorations across languages and corpora, by S. Gozdz-Roszkowski (Ed.)]. The Modern Language Journal, 97(1), 296-297.

  4. Lu, X. (2010). [Review of the book A frequency dictionary of Mandarin Chinese: Core vocabulary for learners, by R. Xiao, P. Rayson, & T. McEnery]. Chinese Language and Discourse, 1(1), 125-129.

  5. Lu, X. (2008). [Review of the book Computational approaches to morphology and syntax, by B. Roark & R. Sproat]. Linguist List, 19.438.

  6. Lu, X. (2007). [Review of the book Developmental theory and language disorders, by P. Fletcher & J. F. Miller (Eds.)]. WORD, 58(3), 204-208.

  7. Lu, X. (2007). [Review of the book Corpus linguistics and world Englishes: An analysis of Xhosa English, by V. de Klerk]. Linguist List, 18.1195.

PhD dissertation and MA thesis

  1. Lu, X. (2006). Hybrid models for Chinese unknown word resolution (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

  2. Lu, X. (2001). The Taiwan issue in the media: A corpus-based comparative study of Chinese and American media discourse (Unpublished master's thesis). National University of Singapore, Singapore.