Education
Current teaching
- Spring 2021: APLNG 200 - Language, Culture and Social Interaction
- Spring 2021: APLNG 578 - Computational and Statistical Methods for Corpus
Analysis
Research
- My research interests are primarily in corpus linguistics,
second language writing, English for Academic Purposes, computer
assisted language learning, and second language acquisition. I have had a longstanding interest in issues related to
lexical and syntactic complexity. A substantial part of my current research highlights a framework that integrates
corpus- and genre-based approaches to academic writing research,
pedagogy, and assessment, with a particular focus on the linguistic
realizations of different rhetorical and communicative functions in
different genres of academic writing.
- I have made available a number of computational tools (e.g., D-Level Analyzer, L2 Syntactic Complexity
Analyzer, and Lexical Complexity Analyzer) and corpus resources that
resulted from my research. Please visit the Downloads section for
information and access.
Books and edited volumes
- Lu, X. (under contract). Corpus analysis and second
language acquisition: Perspectives, issues, and findings. New
York: Routledge.
- Jin, T., Lu, X., Shi, Z., & Su, Y. (under contract/review). Evidence use in oral argumentation: Features and
development. Beijing: Science Press. [in Chinese]
- Lu, X., & Chen, B. (Eds.) (2019). Computational and
corpus approaches to Chinese language learning. Singapore:
Springer. [Reviewed in
Applied Linguistics].
- Lu, X. (Ed.) (2019). Special
section on research on EAP pedagogy. Foreign Language
World, (5). [in Chinese]
- Chen, H.-H., Tseng, Y.-H., Ng, V., & Lu, X. (Eds.)
(2016). Proceedings of the Third
Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational
Applications. Osaka, Japan: The COLING 2016 Organizing
Committee.
- Lu, X. (2014). Computational
methods for corpus annotation and analysis. Dordrecht:
Springer. [Reviewed in Language, International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, and Linguist
List]
- Feldman, A., & Lu, X. (Eds.) (2007). Proceedings of the
NAACL HLT 2007 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Figurative
Language. Rochester, NY: Association for Computational
Linguistics.
Peer-reviewed journal articles
- Liao, J., Lu, X., Master, K., Dudek, J., & Zhou,
Z. (forthcoming). Telepresence-place-based
foreign language learning and its design principles. Computer
Assisted Language Learning.
- Lu, X., Casal, J. E., & Liu, Y. (2021). Towards
the synergy of genre- and corpus-based approaches to academic
writing research and pedagogy. International Journal of Computer
Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, 11(1),
59-71.
- Lu, X., Liao, J., & Xu, Q. (2021). Applications of
educational robots in foreign language speaking instruction: Recent
developments and future directions. Foreign Language World,
(1). [in Chinese]
- Lu, X., Yoon, J., & Kisselev, O. (2021). Matching
phrase-frames to rhetorical moves in social science research
article introductions. English for Specific Purposes,
61, 63-83.
- Casal, J. E., & Lu, X. (2021). ‘Maybe complicated is a better word’: Second language English graduate student responses to syntactic complexity in a genre-based academic writing course. International Journal of English for Academic Purposes: Research and Practice, 1(1).
- Ren, C., & Lu, X. (2021). A multi-dimensional
analysis of the Management’s Discussion and Analysis Narratives in
Chinese and American corporate annual reports. English for
Specific Purposes, 62, 84-99.
- Wu, J., & Lu, X. (2021). The relationship between syntactic complexity and L2
Chinese writing quality: Large-grained vs. fine-grained
indices. Yuyan Wenzi Yingyong [Applied Linguistics], (1). [in Chinese]
- Yin, S., Gao, Y., & Lu, X. (2021). Syntactic complexity of research article part-genres: Differences between
emerging and expert international publication
writers. System, 97, 1-14.
- Lu, X., Casal, J. E., & Liu, Y. (2020). The rhetorical
functions of syntactically complex sentences in social science
research article introductions. Journal of English for
Academic Purposes, 44, 1-16.
- Dong, J., & Lu, X. (2020). Promoting
discipline-specific genre competence with corpus-based genre
analysis activities. English for Specific Purposes,
58, 138-154.
- Jin, T., Lu, X., & Ni, J. (2020). Syntactic complexity in
adapted teaching materials: Differences among grade levels and
implications for benchmarking. The Modern Language
Journal, 104(1), 192-208.
- Liu, Y., & Lu, X. (2020). Chinese
EFL learners’ misconceptions of noun countability and article
use. System, 90, 1-12.
- Liu, Y., & Lu, X. (2020). N1 of N2 constructions in
academic written discourse: A pattern grammar analysis. Journal
of English for Academic Purposes, 47, 1-11.
- Peng, J., Wang, C., & Lu, X. (2020). Effect
of the linguistic complexity of the input text on alignment, writing
fluency, and writing accuracy in the continuation
task. Language Teaching Research, 24(3),
364-381.
- Qu, D., Su, Y., & Lu, X. (2020). Effect of online
dubbing on the intelligibility and comprehensibility of the
pronunciation of Chinese EFL learners. Foreign Language
Education, 41(6), 77-82. [in Chinese]
- Shi, B., Huang, L., & Lu, X. (2020). Effect of prompt type
on test-takers’ writing performance and writing strategy use in the
continuation task. Language Testing, 37(3), 361-388.
- Lu, X., & Deng, J. (2019). With the rapid
development: A contrastive analysis of lexical bundles in
dissertation abstracts by Chinese and L1 English doctoral
students. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 39,
21-36.
- Lu, X., & Liu, Y. (2019). Corpus-based research on formulaic
language in academic English and its pedagogical
applications. Foreign Language World, (5), 30-38. [in Chinese]
- Jin, T., Shi, Z., & Lu, X. (2019). “From
novice storytellers to persuasive arguers”: Learner use of evidence in oral
argumentation. TESOL Quarterly, 53(4), 1151-1161.
- Zhang, J., & Lu, X. (2019). Measuring and supporting
second language development using computerized dynamic
assessment. Language and Sociocultural Theory, 6(1), 92-115.
- Lu, X., Kisselev, O., Yoon, J., & Amory,
M. (2018). Investigating effects of criterial
consistency, the diversity dimension, and threshold variation in formulaic language research: Extending the methodological
considerations of O’Donnell et al. (2013). International Journal
of Corpus Linguistics, 23(2), 158-182.
- Lu, X., Yoon, J., & Kisselev, O. (2018). A phrase-frame
list for social science research article
introductions. Journal of English for Academic Purposes,
36, 76-85.
- Guo, K., Jin, T., & Lu, X. (2018). Research and practice in text
adaptation: From readability formulas and multidimensional analyses
to data-driven adaptation. Foreign Language Testing and
Teaching, (3), 35-43. [in Chinese]
- Jiang, J., Jiang, L., & Lu, X. (2018). Automated
scoring of students' English-to-Chinese translations of three text
types. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 25(3),
238-255.
- Jin, T., & Lu, X. (2018). A data-driven approach to text
adaptation in teaching material preparation: Design, implementation
and teacher professional development. TESOL Quarterly,
52(2), 457-467.
- Liao, J., & Lu, X. (2018). Exploring the affordances of
telepresence robots in foreign language learning. Language
Learning and Technology, 22(3), 20-32.
- Lu, X. (2017). Automated measurement of
syntactic complexity in corpus-based L2 writing research and
implications for writing assessment. Language Testing,
34(4), 493-511.
- Lu, X., & Wang, B. P.-Y. (2017). Towards a metaphor-annotated corpus of Mandarin Chinese. Language Resources
and Evaluation, 51(3), 663-694.
- Lu, X., & Xu, Q. (2016). L2 Syntactic Complexity
Analzyer and its applications in L2 writing research. Foreign
Language Teaching and Research, 48(3), 409-420. [in Chinese]
- Lu, X., & Ai, H. (2015). Syntactic
complexity in college-level English writing: Differences among
writers with diverse L1 backgrounds. Journal of Second
Language Writing, 29, 16-27.
- Park, K., & Lu, X. (2015). Automatic analysis of thematic
structure in written English. International Journal of Corpus
Linguistics, 20(1), 81-101.
- Poehner, M. E., Zhang, J., & Lu, X. (2015). Computerized
Dynamic Assessment (C-DA): Diagnosing L2 development according to learner responsiveness to mediation. Language Testing,
32(3), 337-357.
- Stevens, R. J., Lu, X., Baker, D. P., Ray, M. N., Eckert,
S. A., & Gamson, D. A. (2015). Assessing
the cognitive demands of elementary school reading curricula: An
analysis of reading text and comprehension tasks from 1910 to
2000. American Educational Research Journal, 52(3),
582-617.
- Yang, W., Lu, X., & Weigle, S. C. (2015). Different
topics, different discourse: Relationships among writing topic,
measures of syntactic complexity, and judgments of writing
quality. Journal of Second Language Writing, 28,
53-67. [Honorable Mention, 2015 JSLW Best Article Award]
- Zhang, X., & Lu, X. (2015). The relationship between vocabulary learning strategies and breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge. The Modern Language Journal, 99(4), 740-753.
- Lu, X., Gamson, D. A., & Eckert, S. A. (2014). Lexical difficulty and diversity in American elementary school reading textbooks: Changes over the past
century. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,
19(1), 94-117.
- Fernandez, J., Gates Tapia, A., & Lu, X.
(2014). Oral proficiency and pragmatic marker use in L2 spoken
Spanish: The case of pues and bueno. Journal of
Pragmatics, 74, 150-164.
- Hartig, A. J., & Lu, X. (2014). Plain
English and legal writing: Comparing expert and novice
writers. English for Specific Purposes, 33(1),
87-96.
- Zhang, X., & Lu, X. (2014). A
longitudinal study of receptive vocabulary breadth knowledge growth
and vocabulary fluency development. Applied Linguistics,
35(3), 283-304.
- Gamson, D. A., Lu, X., & Eckert, S. A. (2013). Challenging
the research base of the common core state standards: A historical
reanalysis of text complexity. Educational Researcher,
42(7), 381-391.
- Zhang, J., & Lu, X. (2013). Variability in Chinese as a
Foreign Language learners' development of the Chinese numeral
classifier system. The Modern Language Journal, 97(s1),
46-60.
- Lu, X. (2012). The
relationship of lexical richness to the quality of ESL learners'
oral narratives. The Modern Language Journal, 96(2),
190-208. [Lexical Complexity Analyzer]
- Thorne, S. L., Fischer, I., & Lu, X. (2012).
The semiotic ecology and linguistic complexity of an online game
world. ReCall, 24(3), 279-301.
- Lu, X. (2011). A
corpus-based evaluation of syntactic complexity measures as indices of
college-level ESL writers' language development. TESOL
Quarterly, 45(1), 36-62.
- Lu, X. (2010). Automatic
analysis of syntactic complexity in second language
writing. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,
15(4), 474-496. [L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer]
- Lu, X. (2009). Automatic
measurement of syntactic complexity in child language
acquisition. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,
14(1), 3-28. [D-Level Analyzer]
- Lu, X. (2008). Improving
part-of-speech guessing of Chinese unknown words using hybrid
models. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13(2),
169-193.
- Lu, X. (2008). Hybrid
models for sense guessing of Chinese unknown
words. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,
13(1), 99-128.
- Lu, X. (2007). A hybrid model for Chinese word
segmentation. Journal for Language Technology and Computational
Linguistics, 22(1), 71-88.
Chapters in edited volumes and
conference proceedings
- Lu, X. (forthcoming). What
can corpus software reveal about language development?. In
A. O'Keeffe & M. McCarthy (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of
corpus linguistics (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
- Lu, X. (forthcoming). Expanding research methods:
Automated analyses of written texts. In R. M. Manchón & C. Polio
(Eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition and writing. New
York: Routledge.
- Lu, X., Casal, J. E., & Liu,
Y. (forthcoming). Corpus-based genre analysis. In H. Mohebbi &
C. Coombe (Eds.), Research questions in language education: A
reference guide for teachers. Berlin: Springer.
- Lu, X., & Bluemel, B. (2020). Automated assessment of language. In S. Conrad, A. Hartig, & L. Santelmann (Eds.), The
Cambridge introduction to applied linguistics (pp. 86-93). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Yoon, S.-Y., Lu, X., & Zechner,
K. (2020). Features measuring vocabulary and grammar. In
K. Zechner & K. Evanini (Eds.), Automated
speaking assessment: Using language technologies to score
spontaneous speech (pp. 123-137). New York: Routledge.
- Lu, X., & Chen, B. (2019). Computational and corpus approaches to Chinese language learning: An introduction. In X. Lu & B. Chen (Eds.), Computational and
corpus approaches to Chinese language learning (pp. 3-11). Singapore:
Springer.
- Wang, B. P.-Y., Lu, X., Hsu, C.-C., Lin, E. P.-C., & Ai,
H. (2019). Linguistic metaphor identification in Chinese. In
S. Nacey, A. G. Dorst, T. Krennmayr, & W. G. Reijnierse (Eds.),
Metaphor identification in multiple languages: MIPVU around the
world (pp. 247-266). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Xu, H., Lu, X., & Brezina, V. (2019). Acquisition
of the Chinese particle le by L2 learners: A corpus-based
approach. In X. Lu & B. Chen (Eds.), Computational and corpus
approaches to Chinese language learning (pp. 197-216). Singapore: Springer.
- Lu, X. (2018). Natural
language processing and intelligent computer-assisted language
learning (ICALL). In J. I. Liontas (Ed.), The TESOL
encyclopedia of English language teaching. Chichester, UK: Wiley
Blackwell.
- Ai, H., & Lu, X. (2018). Exploring the interdisciplinary synergy between sociocultural theory and intelligent computer-assisted language learning. In J. P. Lantolf, M. E. Poehner, & M. Swain (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of sociocultural theory and second language development (pp. 409-421). New York: Routledge.
- Liao, J., Masters, K. A., & Lu, X. (2017). Foreign language learning at an arboretum using telepresence robots. In Proceedings of the 18th International CALL Research Conference (pp. 456-460). Antwerp, Belgium: University of Antwerp.
- Poehner, M. E., Zhang, J. & Lu, X. (2017). Computerized dynamic assessments for young language learners. In M. K. Wolf & Y. G. Butler (Eds.), English language proficiency assessments for young learners (pp. 214-233). London: Routledge.
- Ai, H., & Lu, X. (2013). A corpus-based comparison of syntactic complexity in NNS and NS university students' writing. In A. Díaz-Negrillo, N. Ballier, & P. Thompson (Eds.), Automatic treatment and analysis of learner corpus data (pp. 249-264). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
- Lahiri, S., Mitra, P., & Lu, X. (2011). Informality
judgment at sentence level and experiments with F-score. In A. Gelbukh (Ed.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 6609. Computational linguistics and intelligent text processing (pp. 446-457). Berlin: Springer.
- Lu, X. (2010). What can corpus software reveal about language development? In A. O'Keeffe & M. McCarthy (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of corpus linguistics (pp. 184-193). London: Routledge.
- Lu, X. (2008). Automatic
measurement of syntactic complexity using the revised developmental
level scale. In Proceedings of the 21st International Florida
Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference
(pp. 153-158). Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press.
- Lu, X. (2007). Hybrid models for
semantic classification of Chinese unknown words. In
Proceedings of Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference
of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational
Linguistics (pp. 188-195). Rochester, NY: Association for Computational Linguistics.
- Lu, X. (2007). Combining machine learning with linguistic heuristics for Chinese word segmentation. In Proceedings of the 20th International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference (pp. 241-246). Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press.
- Lu, X. (2005). Hybrid methods for
POS guessing of Chinese unknown words. In Proceedings of the
Student Research Workshop at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the
Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 1-6). Ann Arbor,
MI: Association for Computational Linguistics.
- Lu, X. (2005). Promoting learner awareness of language transfer errors in ICALL. In Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Applied Linguistics and Language Teaching (pp. 521-530). Cedar Falls, IA: The University of Northern Iowa.
- Lu, X. (2005). Towards a hybrid model
for Chinese word segmentation. In Proceedings of the Fourth
SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing (pp. 189-192). Jeju, Korea: Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing.
- Lu, X. (2004). On the distribution of Chinese number
expressions. In Proceedings of the 20th Northwest Linguistics
Conference (pp. 145-160). Seattle, WI: University of
Washington.
- Lu, X. (2002). Discourse and ideology: The Taiwan issue in the Chinese and American media. In C. N. Candlin (Ed.), Research and practice in professional discourse (pp. 589-608). Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press.
Book reviews
- Lu, X. (2020). [Review of the book Corpus linguistics and the description of
English (2nd ed.), by H. Lindquist & M. Levin]. Journal of English Linguistics, 48(1), 97-100.
- Lu, X. (2015). [Review
of the book Automated grammatical error detection for language
learners (2nd ed.), by C. Leacock, M. Chodorow, M. Gamon, & J. Tetreault]. Computational Linguistics, 41(1), 149-151.
- Lu, X. (2013). [Review
of the book Explorations across
languages and corpora, by S. Gozdz-Roszkowski (Ed.)]. The Modern
Language Journal, 97(1), 296-297.
- Lu, X. (2010). [Review
of the book A frequency
dictionary of Mandarin Chinese: Core vocabulary for learners, by R. Xiao, P. Rayson, & T. McEnery]. Chinese Language and Discourse, 1(1),
125-129.
- Lu, X. (2008). [Review of the book Computational approaches to morphology
and syntax, by B. Roark & R. Sproat]. Linguist
List, 19.438.
- Lu, X. (2007). [Review of the book Developmental
theory and language disorders, by P. Fletcher & J. F. Miller (Eds.)]. WORD,
58(3), 204-208.
- Lu, X. (2007). [Review of the
book Corpus linguistics and world Englishes: An analysis of Xhosa
English, by V. de Klerk]. Linguist List, 18.1195.
PhD dissertation and MA
thesis
- Lu, X. (2006). Hybrid
models for Chinese unknown word
resolution (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH.
- Lu, X. (2001). The Taiwan issue in the media: A
corpus-based comparative study of Chinese and American media
discourse (Unpublished master's thesis). National University of
Singapore, Singapore.